A connection was successfully established with the server, but then an error occurred during the pre-login handshake. (provider: SSL Provider, error: 0

Today I could not log into my local SQL Server 2012 instance with the following error message

A connection was successfully established with the server, but then an error occurred during the pre-login handshake.

provider: SSL Provider, error: 0 - An internal error occurred. (Microsoft SQL Server, Error: -2146893792)

I found many similar questions here and on the forums, but nothing helped. Please notice that in my case it just says

0- An internal error occurred

There are no errors in Event Viewer;
I don't use Encrypted Connections;
In SQL Server Configuration Manager, Force Protocol Entryption is set to False, Trust Server Certificate is set to Yes (Originally it was No, but in both cases it didn't work);
I CAN connect to SQL Server using UDL;
I tried to re-install SQL Server with all related components;
Tried to uninstall .NET 4.5;
In SQL Management Studio, in connection properties, Encrypt Connection is unchecked.

It worked fine yesterday, I have not installed any software since then.

Any ideas?

Thank you!

A connection was successfully established with the server, but then an error occurred during the pre-login handshake. (provider: SSL Provider, error: 0 - An internal error occurred.)